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Jumat, 28 November 2014

Pengaplikasian Simple Present Tense & Simple Past Tense Dalam Bentuk Surat



Contoh surat 

December 12, 2012

 


Dear Mr. Beckham,
From 1 until 9 April, Victoria was very ill at home in bed. She was suffering from flu and severe fever. I think it might have been going around her class as some of her friends also suffered – and hence was not able to attend school on these days.
Victoria is very conscientious and feels concerned that she has missed eight important days of the course. I would appreciate it if you are able to let her know what she has missed and give her some work to enable her to catch up with missed assignments at home, to prevent her from falling behind.
If you have any concerns, you can contact me, Mother, on 085123456789, or email me at suratsakit@gmail.com


Sincerely,



Mr and Mrs Adams, mother and father of Victoria Adams

Pengaplikasian Simnple Past Tense Dalam Bentuk Report Text


  • Generic Structure Report Text.

Seperti halnya dengan descriptive text, Report text juga hanya memiliki dua struktur umum [generic structure] yaitu :
1. General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya.   
2. Description: tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; Pada bagian ini biasanya memberikan gambaran fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi; baik bagian-bagiannya, sifat-sifatnya, kebiasaannya, ataupun tingkah lakunya. Intinya adalah penjabaran dari klasifikasi yang disajikan dengan ilmiah.

Ada juga beberapa keterangan mengenai generic structure report text, yang meliputi :

1. General information  
2. Bundles of Specific Information

General information adalah bagian yang menyebutkan informasi umum dari tema tulisan yang. Sedangkan Bundles of specific information, adalah penjabaran dari informasi umum tersebut.



Saya sendiri lebih cenderung setuju dengan generic structure kedua; karena hal ini bisa membuat siswa lebih paham akan cara menulis report text.



  • Tujuan Report Text 
Setiap tulisan pasti memiliki tujuan mengapa tulisan itu ditulis. Begitu juga dengan report text. Beberapa pakar menyebutkan bahwa tujuan teks report adalah :


" Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on "


Jika disimpulkan, tujuan report text adalah untuk menyampaikan informasi hasil pengamatan dan analisa yang sistematis. Informasi yang dijelaskan dalam report text biasanya bersifat umum, baik itu alamiah ataupun buata seperti binatang mamalia, planet, bebatuan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, negara bagian, budaya, transportasi, dan lain sebagainya.


  • Pola tata bahasa dalam report text

  1. Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
  2. Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
  3. Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot fly;
  4. Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over the sea;
  5. Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
  6. Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

Keterangan :



  • General nouns, maksudnya adalah, suatu benda (baik itu hidup atau mati) yang bersifat umum. Coba bandingkan : Hunting dogs >< My dog. Hunting dogs bersifat umum; sedangkan my dog bersifat khusus. 
  • Relating verbs, dalam grammar disebut juga dengan linking verbs. Seperti to be [is, am, are: present], seem, look, taste dan lain sebagainya. 
  • Timeless present tense adalah salah satu penanda waktu dalam simple present seperti "often, usually, always" dan lain-lain. 
  • Technical terms, maksudnya adalah istilah-istilah yang meliputi teks report tersebut. Misalnya tentang "music" maka, istilah-istilah musik harus ada.




Contoh Report Text : Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn.


In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in Canada. Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in the U.S and on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five days in the North America and for three days in Canada.



It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.





Contoh Report Text : Venice





Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.


Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.


You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.


You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.


They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.


Simple Past Tense

 

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik. Adapun simple past tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk conditional sentence tipe 2. 

 

 Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed-en-d-t-n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb]

Dengan demikian rumus simple past tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.


Jenis Kalimat
Rumus
Contoh Simple Past Tense
positif
(+)
S + Verb-2 (past tense)
S + be(was/were)
The teacher came
I was a stamp collector
negatif
(-)
S + did + not + bare infinitive
S + be(was/were) + not
The teacher didn’t come
I wasn’t a stamp collector
interogatif
(?)
Did + S + bare infinitive
be(was/were) + S
Did the teacher come

Was I a stamp collector
 

Simple Future Tense

Pengertian Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana. Tense ini juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk conditional sentence tipe 1

Rumus Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense dibentuk dari modal “will” atau “shall” dan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) atau dibentuk dari phrasal modal “be going to” dan bare infinitive (base form verb).
Dengan demikian rumus simple future tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Jenis Kalimat
Rumus
Contoh Simple Future Tense
positif
(+)
S + will + bare infinitive
S + be(am/is/are) going to + bare infinitive
You will win
They are going to come
negatif
(-)
S + will + not + bare infinitive
S + be(am/is/are) not going to + infinitive
You won’t win
They aren’t going to come
interogatif
(?)
Will + S + bare infinitive
Be(am/is/are) + S + going to bare infinitive?
Will you win
Are they going to come


contoh kalimat simple future tense sebagai berikut ------->
Fungsi
Contoh kalimat Simple Future Tense
Simple future tense (will) untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan untuk melakukan sesuatu (tanpa rencana).
Wait a minute. I will change my clothes.
(Tunggu sebentar. Saya akan mengganti baju.)
You look nervous. I’ll give you a glass of water.
(Kamu tampak cemas. Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)
Simple future tense (will) untuk memerediksi masa depan (tanpa rencana).
The doom will not happen in 2014.
(Kiamat tidak akan terjadi pada tahun 2014.)
Which hotels do you think will offer the best service?
(Hotel yang mana yang kamu pikir akan menawarkan pelayanan terbaik?)
He’ll be angry.
(Dia akan marah.)
The sandstorm will come.
(Badai pasir akan datang.)
I think he will pass.
(Saya pikir dia akan lulus.)
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan arrangement (rencana yang sudah dipikirkan dan dibahas dengan orang lain).
I’m visiting South Korea tomorrow.
(Saya akan mengunjungi Korea Selatan besok.)
She’s going to the physiotherapist next monday.
(Dia akan ke fisioterapis senin depan.)
Simple future tense dengan “going+to” untuk menyatakan intention (rencana dimasa depan yang sudah dipikirkan sebelumnya).
I’m going to send this letter tomorrow.
(Saya akan mengirimkan surat ini besok.)
He is going to go to French to continue his study.
(Dia akan pergi ke Perancis untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya.)
Simple future tense digunakan untuk membentuk conditional sentence type 1.
I will come if they invite me.
(Saya akan datang jika mereka mengundang saya.)